The Feast of Saint Brigid in the Scottish Calendars

Last year I looked at the entries for the Feast of Saint Brigid in The Martyrology of Oengus, The Martyrology of Donegal and the Martyrology of Christ Church, Dublin. This year I thought it might be interesting to look at the entries in the Scottish calendars as collected by Bishop Forbes. He brings together a wide-ranging collection of sources including a summary of the various Lives, a record from the chronicle of the Scottish philosopher Boece, the lessons for the feast of Saint Brigid from the Aberdeen Breviary, as well as a gazetteer of Scottish sites with Brigidine connections. I note that he starts off by attributing the feast to 11 February, but I assume this is a simple typographical error.

BRIGIDA, V. February 11, A.D., 523.

—S. Brigida, "the Mary of Ireland," although her fame on the continent is somewhat eclipsed by the greater reputation of her namesake of Sweden, ranks high in the estimation of her countrymen. With S. Patrick and S. Columba, she takes her place in the " Trias Thaumaturga," as the learned Franciscan Colgan, with a somewhat overbold expression, has named the volume in which he has recorded their lives. As the wise foundress of communities for females, she stands forth in history with a very marked individuality, though the histories that have come down to us are mainly devoted to a narrative of the signs and wonders which God wrought by her. But, to whatever cause it may be referred, there is no doubt that she is one of the most popular of the Celtic saints. The number of churches dedicated to her exceeds the power of our enumeration, while the actual prevalence of the name she bore among the peasantry of Ireland shows how to this day the recollection of her work and the faith in her intercession abide in the minds of that most interesting people.

As to the acts of S. Brigida, the author of the first life is Broganus, surnamed Cloen, who wrote her praises about 525, immediately after her death; of the second, is Cogitosus, or Cogitis (given by Canisius Lectt. Antiq. Tom. V.; by Messingham, Florilegium de Sanctis; by Colgan, Trias, p. 518; by Surius; and bythe Bollandists). Colgan in his preface makes this author to flourish in 650, but Dr. Petrie is correct in making A.D. 800-835 the period within which Cogitosus wrote (Todd's S. Patrick, p. 11, n.). Of the third, Ultanus, bishop in Ardbrecain, who flourished in the sixth century, and died full of years in 655 ; of the fourth, Animosus or Animchodus, bishop in Kildare, who died in 580, or Anmirius, who flourished before the end of the seventh century; of the fifth, Laurence of Durham, A.D. 1160; of the sixth, S. Chilian, or better, Coelanus of Inis Kealtra, who flourished after the beginning of the eighth century.—(See an article on S. Brogan Cloen's Hymn, in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 1868, p. 222. See also Dr. Todd's S. Patrick, p. 11.) An abecedarian Hymn in honour of S. Bridget from the Library at Basle is given in the preface of the Arbuthnott Missal, p. xlii. For later lives of S. Brigida, see Sir T. D. Hardy's Catalogue, vol. i. pp. 105-116.

Boece's account is as follows (Bellenden's translation, ed. 1821, vol. i. p. 73): — "And at this time Brigida, a holy virgin, havand bot xiv. yeris in all, dedicat hir virginitie to God ; and was confirmed by the Bischop of the Ilis in the Ile of Man. She bare ane leddern belt over ane quhit kertol, with ane vale over her shoulderis ; and was holden in grit reverence in Scotland and Ireland for her singular haliness, of whom are many kirks in this region. She deceased in the xviii. yeir of Conrannus, and was buryet in Ireland, in ane town namit Dune. Howbeit, some of the Scottis haldis that scholyis in Abirnethy."

The Lections in the Breviary of Aberdeen, some of which are abbreviated from the Life by Cogitosus (Colgan, Trias Thaum., p. 618), are as follows :—Thus the holy Brigida, whom God foreknew and predestinated into his own likeness, sprung from a good and prudent Scotic stock, having for father Dubthacus and for mother Brocca, from her very youth profited in the study of good things. For this young woman, the elect of God, full of sobriety and prudence, ever advanced towards better things. Sent by her mother to collect the butter made from the milk of the cows, as other women do, she gave it all to the poor.

And when she would have given back the rest of the fruit of the cows, the fear of God kindly turned her to the Lord, and God, for his virgin, amply restored the butter. At last, when her parents wished to give her in marriage, she vowed chastity, and in the presence of a most holy bishop, as she made her vow, she touched the wooden pillar on which the altar rested with her hand. In memory of the ancient virtue, up to the present time this wood remains as it were green, or as if it had not been cut and stripped of its bark, it flourishes in its roots and heals many impotent people.

The next legend is taken from the third life.—(Colgan, p. 519.)

The holy and religious Brigida, seeing that the time of her espousals was coming near, asked the Lord to send her some deformity, so as to avoid the importunity of her parents, whereupon one of her eyes burst with a noise and melted in her head. Therefore, having received the holy veil, Brigida with other sacred veiled virgins remained in the city Medi, where the Lord, at her prayer, vouchsafed to perform many miracles: She healed a stranger by name Marcus ; she supplied beer out of one barrel to eighteen churches, which sufficed from Maunday-Thursday to the end of Easter.

On a leprous woman asking for milk, there being none at hand, she gave her cold water, but the water was turned into milk, and when she had drunk it the young woman was healed. Then she cured a leper, and gave sight to ten blind men. It happened that, for an urgent cause making a journey, she slipped at a ford and cut her head, and with the blood that flowed therefrom two dumb women recovered their speech. After this a precious vessel of the king's, slipping from the hand of a rude man, was broken; and, that he might not be punished, it was restored to its perfection by Brigida.

When a leprous woman denied her some apples, by the prayers of Brigida the orchard dried up from the roots, and the apples being left inside disappeared. Then, being on a journey in a chariot, she saw a poor man with his family with great fatigue carrying wood, and she, pitying him, gave him her horses, while she with her maidens sat by the way. Then said she, " Dig under that turf, that water may spring up for the travellers," which being done, straightway a fountain burst forth from it.

No sooner was this done, than a chief passing by gave his horses to Brigida. As Easter day approached, Brigida said to her maidens, "Who shall wash our infirm sisters?" And when they all, like heifers, refused, Brigida put her hands into the water toward them and cured them of their diseases, of whom one was paralytic, another possessed of devils, and a third leprous.

While St. Brigida was staying in a neighbour's house it happened that all had gone out, and there came certain persons begging bread. Brigida, looking round, said to a paralytic and dumb boy who lay near her, of whose condition, however, she was ignorant, " Boy, thou knowest where are the keys." And he answered, " I know." Whereupon Brigida said, " Run and minister to them," which was accordingly done. In one house she healed twelve sick folks.

In a great council, a certain woman affiliated her child upon a bishop. When blessed Brigida had signed her with the sign of the cross, she shook from the top of her head to the sole of her foot, and still remained silent. Brigida said, " Who is thy father, little infant?" He answered, " The bishop is not my father ; but a certain man at the foot of the council, base and vile." In those days a certain beggar came to blessed Brigida craving alms. Brigida said, "Take a cow and lead it away." To which she answered, " The cow will do me no good. The robbers will come and steal it away from me."

Brigida said, " Take this girdle, steep it in water, sprinkle the sick, and they shall be healed." She took it, received great gains from the sick whom she cured, and distributed it to Christ's poor ones. In time of a famine Brigida went to Bishop Ybarus to beg fruits from him. It was the time of Lent, and he had no other bread, so he placed before her a hard stone with lard, which she and the bishop ate. But two of her maidens, wishing to eat flesh, hid it, and it was straightway turned into two serpents; whereupon they were severely rebuked by Brigida in the presence of the bishop, but on their repentance, after prayer, the serpents were turned into bread. After many such wonderful miracles Brigida migrated to the Lord.

The cultus of this great saint in Scotland was very extensive. The Pictish Chronicle, which, probably written by the Culdees of Brechin between the years 971 and 995, comes down to us in a transcript made by Robert de Populton in the early part of the fourteenth century, informs us that "Necton morbet filius Erip(the Nectan of Venerable Bede), xxiiij regnavit. Tertio anno regni ejus Darlugdach abbatissa Cilledara de Hibernia exulat pro Christo ad Britanniam. Secundo anno adventus sui immolavit Nectonius Aburnethige Deo et Sancte Brigide, presente Darlugdach que cantavit alleluia super istam hostiam. Optulit igitur Nectonius magnus filius Wirp, rex omnium provinciarum Pictorum, Apurnethige Sancte Brigide, usque ad diem judicii, cum suis finibus que posite sunt a lapide in Apurfeirt juxta Ceirfuill, id est Lethfoss et inde in Altum usque ad Athan." The cause of the offering was that when Necton was driven into Ireland he besought S. Brigida to pray God for him. She did so, and said — " If thou arrivest in thy country, God will have mercy upon thee. Thou shalt possess the kingdom of the Picts in peace.''

It will be noticed in the Brev. Aberdeen that in the life of S. Winnin, mention is made of a stone cross of marvellous workmanship, which, with his own hands, he erected in honour of S. Brigida ; and, as might be expected, her dedications are found in those parts of Scotland which were nearest to Ireland and under Irish influence. Thus we have S. Bride's convent in the parish of Kilmorie in Bute (N. S. A., Bute, p. 54); East Kilbride, seven miles from Glasgow (N. S. A., Lanark, p. 877); her chapel at Rothesay (N. S. A., Bute, p. 103); her parishes, Kilbride in Arran, in Crommarty, and in Uist (N. S. A., No. 27, 1); in Lorn (0. S. A., ii. 826); her spring at Dunsyre in Lanarkshire (N. S. A., iiL 66) and at Traquair ; her chapel and bum at Kilbarchan in Renfrewshire (N. S. A., 53, pp. 354-366) ; the lands of S. Brydehill, in Dumfriesshire (Retours, Dumfries, No. 212); her chapel and well at Beath in Ayrshire (N. S. A., Ayr, 581); her church at Kirkcolm, at Kirkmabreck, in Wigtonshire (N. S. A., Wigton, p. 111). Her dedication is found in the Lewes at Borve (N. S. A., Ross, 145); in Stronsay and Papa in the Orkneys. She was honoured at Auchtergaven and Blairatholl in Perthshire, on the other side of the Drumalban.T—(N. S. A., Perth, 426.) Again, in Forfarshire we have S. Bride's Ring at Kingenny, a scarped upburst of trap-rock out of the surrounding red sandstone, not far from the Laws. In Aberdeenshire we have S. Bride's Rock at Tomantoul, her churches at Cushnie (V. D. A., p. 693), and Crochaul (V. D. A., p. 642), and Kildrummie (V. D. A., p. 589), Skene (V. D. A., p. 279). She is associated with S. Nicholas in Stronsay and Papa. Fairs were held in her honour in Forres and Inverness. She has a chapel near Clackmannan.—(Retours, Clackmannan, No. 26.)

The latest church I find dedicated to S. Brigid is the new church of Dunnottar, consecrated in 1394. — (Jervise's Memorials of Angus, p. 448.)

The church of S. Brigida in the province of Athol was reputed famous for miracles, and a portion of her relics was kept with great veneration in the monastery of regular canons at Abernethy.—(Alban Butler, quoting Major de Gestis Scotorum, 1. 2, c. 14.)

The Chartulary of Holyrood (p. 42) mentions the Ecclesia Sce Brigide de Blacket, and at p. 57 of Loublacket; that of Kelso (p. 153) gives her church of Kype ; that of Glasgow (p. 120) ; the Church of Wintertonegen in Valle de Niht. She was patroness of the great family of Douglas, and the church of Douglas bears her name.—(Barbour's Bruce, lib. iv. 1. 336, p. 118, Spalding Club.)

Alexander Penrose Forbes, D.C.L. Bishop of Brechin, Kalendars of Scottish Saints, (1872), 287-291.

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The Feast of Saint Brigid on the Irish and Continental Calendars

Canon O'Hanlon brings this summary:

The Feast of Saint Brigid on the Irish and Continental Calendars

St. Oengus, the Culdee, in his Metrical Festilogy, at the Kalends, or 1st of February, mentions this illustrious cenobiarch of pious women, with a distinguishing eulogy. The Martyrology of Tallaght, composed by the same St. Oengus and St. Molruan, records the eternal rest of St. Brigid, as taking place in the seventieth year of her age, and on the Kalends of February. Likewise, the Calendar of Cashel, Charles Maguire, Fitzsimons, and other hagiographists, treat about our saint and her festival, at the 1st of February. Besides these notices, in that ancient Martyrology, kept in the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Dublin, the memory of St. Brigid, virgin, is noted, with particular eulogy, at the Kalends, or 1st day of February. Her office was celebrated with the reading of nine lessons. This day was regarded as the one of her Dormition, Deposition, or Death. The martyrologist avers, that she went to join the Heavenly choirs of angels, and Christ, for whose love she wrought, after performing signs and miracles, after renowned works of mercy and alms-deeds, after pure humility and benevolence, devoted to God, and after an illustrious example afforded to other virgins of chastity and of holiness. If the great works of this noble virgin were to be written in full, the martyrologist declares, he should be obliged to write a book of an unusual size. A still later composition, the Martyrology of Donegal records, on this day, the celebration of the festival of Brighit, virgin, abbess of Cill-Dara.

The Roman Martyrology, and Father Stephen White, commemorate this renowned virgin, at the 1st of February. In the anonymous catalogue of Irish saints, published by O' Sullivan Beare, the name of St. Brigida occurs. In Henry Fitzsimon's list, it is also to be found at this date. Reference is made to Surius, and to notes in the Roman Martyrology, as edited by Baronius. Convaeus observes, in relation to this saintly virgin, at the same day, that she was of royal race. In several ancient Martyrologies the feast of this holy virgin is recorded. Venerable Bede, in noting it, remarks, that St. Brigid's Life had been distinguished for miracles. Rabanus Maurus has a notice of her nativity. St. Ado of Vienne has a record in his Martyrology, and exactly like that of Bede. Usuard extended, or the Carthusian Martyrology, at the 1st of February, remarks on her renowned miracles. St. Notker has a similar notice to that of Raban, with an addition about the wood of the altar becoming green, in recognition of her purity. The Blessed Marianus O' Gorman calls our saint, the Arch-Virgin or Chief of the Irish Virgins. And the Martyrology of Salisbury states her great merits. Wandelbertus Prumiensis, Galasinus, and Molanus, in their respective Martyrologies, as also Hermanns Gruen, have notices of this holy virgin, at the 1st day of February. Other authorities, if cited, should prove too tedious for enumeration.

Rev John O'Hanlon, Life of St. Brigid, virgin : first abbess of Kildare, special patroness of Kildare Diocese, and general patroness of Ireland (Dublin, 1877), 218-220.

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The Feast of Saint Brigid in the Martyrology of Christ Church, Dublin

This is the entry in Latin for the Feast of Saint Brigid in the Book of Obits and Martyrology of Christ Church, Dublin. It speaks of Saint Brigid's signs and miracles, of her works of mercy and fasting and of her example of holiness and chastity to her nuns:

Kal. Februarii.

Item apud Hiberniam; dormitio beate uirginis Brigide ueneranter hoc die commemorata. Que post signa et miracula, post opera clara misericordie et elemosinarum; post humilitatem puram et beneuolentiam deo deuotam, et post exemplum ceteris uirginibus castimonie et sanctitatis ut breuiter dicam; ad Cristum cuius ob amorem hec omnia compleuit in opere, inter angelicos chores uecta migrauit. Si enim larga ipsius prefate uirginis opera cartis inserere uoluissem, proprii uoluminis eguisset solentia.

J.H. Todd who contributed the introduction to this work commented:

Kal. Feb. (Feb. i), p. 84, S. Brigida. The notice of St. Bridget which occurs here, seems altogether peculiar to this Martyrology. Ado's account of her is as follows :

" Item apud Scotiam Sanctas Brigidie virginis, cujus vita miraculis claruit: quae cum lignum altaris, in testimonium virginitatis SUES tetigisset, viride factum est."

The notice in the Roman Martyrology agrees with this almost verbatim; and it is remarkable that there also Ireland is called Scotia.

It is worth noting, that in this account of St. Bridget, the compiler of the Dublin Martyrology speaks of himself in the first person :

"Si enim larga ipsius praefate virginis opera cartis inserere voluissem, proprii voluminis eguisset solentia."

Colgan has collected six lives of this saint in his Trias Thaumaturga.

J. H Todd, 'Introduction' in J C Crosthwaite, ed. The Book of Obits and Martyrology of the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity commonly called Christ Church Dublin, (1844), liii.

The entry in the Roman Martyrology which I found online does not describe Ireland as Scotia but as Hibernia. However, this may simply reflect a more recent translation than that used by Todd:

Apud Kildáriam, in Hibérnia, sanctæ Brígidæ Vírginis, quæ, cum lignum altáris tetigísset in testimónium virginitátis suæ, lignum ipsum statim víride factum est.

At Kildare in Ireland, St. Bridget, virgin.  Once, when she touched the wood of an altar, it immediately sprouted into life, in testimony of her virginity.

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The Feast of Saint Brigid in the Martyrology of Donegal

1. D. KALENDIS FEBRUARII. 1.

BRIGHIT, Virgin, abbess of Cill-dara. She was of the race of Eochaidh Finnfuathairt, son of Feidhlimidh Reachtmhar, son of Tuathal Teachtmhar, monarch of Erinn. Broiccseach, daughter of Dallbronach, son of Aedh Meamhair, was her mother, and she was the sister of Ultan of Ard-Breccain, and it was Ultan that collected the virtues and miracles of Brighit together, and who commanded his disciple Brogan to put them into poetry, as is evident in the Book of Hymns, i.e., 'The victorious Brighit did not love,&c'.

When Moling was returning from the king of Erinn, after obtaining the remission of the Borumha from Fionnachta, king of Erinn, the people of the king were seized with regret, and they followed him to kill him. When Moling saw this he had recourse to the protection of the saints, and he implored Brighit first, and said :'Brighit, bless our path,&c.'

A very ancient old book of vellum, in which is found the Martyrology of Maelruain of Tamhlacht and the saints of the same name, and the names of many of the mothers of the saints, states that Brighit was following the manners and the life which the holy Mary, mother of Jesus had.

It was this Brighit, too, that did not take her mind or her attention from the Lord for the space of one hour at any time, but was constantly mentioning Him, and ever constantly thinking of Him, as is evident in her own life, and also in the life of Saint Brenainn, bishop of Cluain-fearta. She was very hospitable and very charitable to guests and to needy people. She was humble, and attended to the herding of sheep and early rising, as her life proves, and as Cuimin of Coindeire states in the poem whose beginning is, 'Patrick of the fort of Macha loved, &c'. Thus he says - :

The blessed Brighit loved

Constant piety, which was not prescribed;

Sheep-herding and early rising

Hospitality towards men of virtues.

She spent indeed 74 years diligently serving the Lord, performing signs and miracles, curing every disease, and sickness in general, as is evident in her own life, until she yielded her spirit, after having completed seventy-four years, as we have said before, A.D. 525, and she was buried at Dun, in one tomb with Patrick, where Colum Cille was afterwards interred. The life of Ciaran of Cluain states, chap. 47, that the Order of Brighit was [one] of the eight Orders that were in Erinn.

J.O'Donovan, J.H. Todd, W. Reeves, eds and trans. The Martyrology of Donegal – A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland (Dublin, 1864), 34-7.

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The Feast of Saint Brigid in the Martyrology of Oengus

The Martyrology of Oengus records some of the miraculous incidents from Saint Brigid's life in the notes appended to the calendar. The calendar entry reads:

D. Calendis Februarii

They magnify February's calends, a shower of great pure-coloured martyrs: Brigit the fair, strong, praiseworthy, chaste head of Erin's nuns.

and the notes:

Brigit. Brigit daughter of Dubthach son of Demre, son of Bresal, son of Connla, son of Art Corp, son of Cairbre Nia, son of Cormac, son of Oengus the Dumb, son of Eochaid Find Fuathnairt, son of Feidlimid Rechtmad.

Brigit's three eighths, to wit, her birth on the eighth (of the month) her veil on the eighteenth, her death on the twenty-eighth.

The white-one from Liffey of the slopes, daughter of Dubthach of Druim derg:

to-morrow she goes quickly, so that from her hand is Patrick's bequest.

Eight bishops came to Brigit out of Hui Briuin Cualann, i.e. From Telach na n-epscop to Loch Lemnachta beside Kildare on the north. Brigit asked her cook, Blathnait, whether she had food for the bishops. Dixit ilia non. Brigit was ashamed: so the angel told her to milk the cows again. The cows were milked and they filled the tubs, and they would have filled all the vessels in Leinster, so that the milk went over the vessels and made a lake thereof, unde Loch Lemnachta 'New-milk Lough' dicitur.

A robber came to Dubthach, who took a joint out of the cauldron for him, and he made five pieces thereof, and gave them to Brigit to keep. But a wretched hound came to her, and she gave it the five pieces out of the cauldron, and the five pieces were then found in the cauldron. That was told to Dubthach, and then he gave to her and to God the land, to wit, the site of an oratory in Tuath da Maige.

A young cleric of the community of Ferns, a foster-son of Brigit's, used to come to her with wishes. He was with her in the refectory, to partake of food. Once after coming to communion she strikes a clapper.

"Well, young cleric there," says Brigit, "hast thou a soulfriend?"

"I have," replied the young cleric.

" Let us sing his requiem," says Brigit, "for he has died. I saw when half thy portion had gone, that thy quota was put into thy trunk, and thou without any head on thee, for thy soulfriend died, and anyone without a soulfriend is a body without a head ; and eat no more till thou gettest a soulfriend."

Amra Plea etc. a convent of Brigit's which is on the brink of the sea of Wight, or the Tyrrhene (sea), and its Rule is that of Brigit's community. Et sic factum est. Brigit despatched seven persons to learn the Rule of Peter and Paul, for God did not determine that she should go. And they brought not the Rule. So she sent eastward a third time, together with her blind boy, for everything he used to hear he remembered. When they reached the sea of Wight, a storm fell upon them, so they let down their anchor, which stuck on the peak of the oratory. They cast a lot inter se as to going down, and it fell to the blind (boy). He loosed the anchor, et stetit there to the end of a year, learning the Rule, till the rest of the party came to him from Rome, and a storm fell upon them again in the same place, so they let down an anchor, and the blind boy came up from below with the Rule of Plea and with a beautiful bell, and it is the Rule of Plea that abides to-day.

Now Brigit was fain to have the orders of penitence conferred upon her ; so she went to Bri Eile, accompanied by seven nuns, since she had heard that bishop Mel was there. When they arrived, bishop Mel was not there, but had gone into the district of the Hui Neill. So she fared forth on the morrow with Mac caille before her as a guide to Moin Faithnig. Brigit wrought so that the bog became a smooth flowery plain for them. When they drew nigh the place wherein bishop Mel was biding Brigit told Mac caille that she would take a veil on her head so that she might not come unveiled to the clerics; and that may be the veil that is commemorated here. Now after reaching the clerics a fiery column flamed from her head to the ridge of the church. Said Mac caille : " This is the famous nun of Leinster, even Brigit." "My welcome to her," quoth bishop Mel: "'tis I," quoth he, "that prophesied her in her mother's womb, and 'tis I that will confer the orders upon her."

Once upon a time bishop Mel came to Dubthach's house and saw Dubthach's wife in grief. So the bishop asked, " What is the matter with the woman?" " Cause of grief I have," she says, "for dearer than I am to Dubthach is the bondmaid who is washing you." "Thou hast good reason," says bishop Mel, "for thy seed will serve the seed of the bondmaid."

"Why have the nuns come? asked bishop Mel. "To have the orders of penitence conferred on Brigit," says Mac caille. Thereafter the orders were read out over Brigit, and bishop Mel bestowed episcopal orders upon her, and it is then that Mac caille set a veil on (her) head. Hence Brigit's successor is entitled to have episcopal orders conferred upon her.

So long as he was reading out the orders, thus was Brigit, with the foot of the altar in her hand; and seven churches were burnt with that foot (in one of them); and it was not burnt, sed etc. Dicunt alii that in Fir tulach that church was, as bishop Mel declared :

Beloved and little the month of dear February, which comprises for us those festivals,

Brigit's festival .... Finntain's festival which I have chosen.

Save great Mary, good her fame, Mother of the Lord Jesus,

no ... under heaven has been found more wondrous than bright white Brigit.

Whitley Stokes, ed. and trans. Felire Oengusso The Martyrology of Oengus, (London 1905), 58, 65-7.

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